Definition
A traditional IRA is a personal savings plan that offers tax benefits to encourage retirement savings. Contributions are either deductible or nondeductible. Regardless of whether your contributions are deductible, earnings in a traditional IRA grow tax deferred.
A Roth IRA is another type of personal retirement savings plan. All contributions to a Roth IRA are nondeductible. If certain conditions are met, withdrawals from a Roth IRA, including earnings, are tax free.
Traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs can be used to accumulate funds for college. The 10 percent penalty tax that normally applies to withdrawals from traditional and Roth IRAs before age 59½ does not apply if the money is used to pay the qualified education expenses of you, your spouse, or the children or grandchildren of you or your spouse.
Prerequisites
• You qualify to make contributions to a traditional IRA or Roth IRA
• You, your spouse, or the children or grandchildren of you or your spouse have qualified higher education expenses
Key Strengths
• Early withdrawal penalty is waived
• The federal government does not consider the value of your traditional IRA or Roth IRA in determining your child’s financial aid eligibility
Key Tradeoffs
• Your retirement nest egg is reduced
• Colleges may consider the value of your traditional IRA and Roth IRA before awarding their own financial aid
Variations from State to State
• States may vary in their tax treatment of traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs
• States vary in their protection of traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs from creditors
How Is It Implemented?
• Open a traditional IRA or Roth IRA with a bank, financial institution, mutual fund company, life insurance company, or stockbroker
• Select actual type of investment (e.g., certificate of deposit, mutual fund)
• Make contributions as desired up to the due date of your federal tax return for that year (usually April 15 of the following year) Article Written By: Forefield Inc.
Neither Forefield Inc. nor Forefield Advisor provides legal, taxation, or investment advice. All content provided by Forefield is protected by copyright. Forefield claims no liability for any modifications to its content and/or information provided by other sources.
For professional investment advice on this topic contact: Allgen Financial Services, Inc.
888.6ALLGEN (888) 625-5436
advisors@allgenfinancial.com www.allgenfinancial.com
You want to retire comfortably when the time comes. You also want to help your child go to college. So how do you juggle the two? The truth is, saving for your retirement and your child’s education at the same time can be a challenge. But take heart–you may be able to reach both goals if you make some smart choices now.
Know what your financial needs are
The first step is to determine what your financial needs are for each goal. Answering the following questions can help you get started:
For retirement:
How many years until you retire?
Does your company offer an employer-sponsored retirement plan or a pension plan? Do you participate? If so, what’s your balance? Can you estimate what your balance will be when you retire?
How much do you expect to receive in Social Security benefits? (You can estimate this amount by using your Personal Earnings and Benefit Statement, now mailed every year by the Social Security Administration.)
What standard of living do you hope to have in retirement? For example, do you want to travel extensively, or will you be happy to stay in one place and live more simply?
Do you or your spouse expect to work part-time in retirement?
For college:
How many years until your child starts college?
Will your child attend a public or private college? What’s the expected cost?
Do you have more than one child whom you’ll be saving for?
Does your child have any special academic, athletic, or artistic skills that could lead to a scholarship?
Do you expect your child to qualify for financial aid?
Many on-line calculators are available to help you predict your retirement income needs and your child’s college funding needs.
Figure out what you can afford to put aside each month
After you know what your financial needs are, the next step is to determine what you can afford to put aside each month. To do so, you’ll need to prepare a detailed family budget that lists all of your income and expenses. Keep in mind, though, that the amount you can afford may change from time to time as your circumstances change. Once you’ve come up with a dollar amount, you’ll need to decide how to divvy up your funds.
Retirement takes priority
Though college is certainly an important goal, you should probably focus on your retirement if you have limited funds. With generous corporate pensions mostly a thing of the past, the burden is primarily on you to fund your retirement. But if you wait until your child is in college to start saving, you’ll miss out on years of tax-deferred growth and compounding of your money. Remember, your child can always attend college by taking out loans (or maybe even with scholarships), but there’s no such thing as a retirement loan!
If possible, save for your retirement and your child’s college at the same time
Ideally, you’ll want to try to pursue both goals at the same time. The more money you can squirrel away for college bills now, the less money you or your child will need to borrow later. Even if you can allocate only a small amount to your child’s college fund, say $50 or $100 a month, you might be surprised at how much you can accumulate over many years. For example, if you saved $100 every month and earned 8 percent, you’d have $18,415 in your child’s college fund after 10 years. (This example is for illustrative purposes only and does not represent a specific investment.)
If you’re unsure how to allocate your funds between retirement and college, a professional financial planner may be able to help you. This person can also help you select the best investments for each goal. Remember, just because you’re pursuing both goals at the same time doesn’t necessarily mean that the same investments will be appropriate. Each goal should be treated independently.
Help! I can’t meet both goals
If the numbers say that you can’t afford to educate your child or retire with the lifestyle you expected, you’ll have to make some sacrifices. Here are some things you can do:
Defer retirement: The longer you work, the more money you’ll earn and the later you’ll need to dip into your retirement savings.
Work part-time during retirement.
Reduce your standard of living now or in retirement: You might be able to adjust your spending habits now in order to have money later. Or, you may want to consider cutting back in retirement.
Increase your earnings now: You might consider increasing your hours at your current job, finding another job with better pay, taking a second job, or having a previously stay-at-home spouse return to the workforce.
Invest more aggressively: If you have several years until retirement or college, you might be able to earn more money by investing more aggressively (but remember that aggressive investments mean a greater risk of loss).
Expect your child to contribute more money to college: Despite your best efforts, your child may need to take out student loans or work part-time to earn money for college.
Send your child to a less expensive school: You may have dreamed your child would follow in your footsteps and attend an Ivy League school. However, unless your child is awarded a scholarship, you may need to lower your expectations. Don’t feel guilty–a lesser-known liberal arts college or a state university may provide your child with a similar quality education at a far lower cost.
Think of other creative ways to reduce education costs: Your child could attend a local college and live at home to save on room and board, enroll in an accelerated program to graduate in three years instead for four, take advantage of a cooperative education where paid internships alternate with course work, or defer college for a year or two and work to earn money for college.
Can retirement accounts be used to save for college?
Yes. Should they be? Probably not. Most financial planners discourage paying for college with funds from a retirement account; they also discourage using retirement funds for a child’s college education if doing so will leave you with no funds in your retirement years. However, you can certainly tap your retirement accounts to help pay the college bills if you need to. With IRAs, you can withdraw money penalty free for college expenses, even if you’re under age 59½ (though there may be income tax consequences for the money you withdraw). But with an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a 401(k) or 403(b), you’ll generally pay a 10 percent penalty on any withdrawals made before you reach age 59½ (age 55 in some cases), even if the money is used for college expenses. You may also be subject to a six month suspension if you make a hardship withdrawal. There may be income tax consequences, as well. (Check with your plan administrator to see what withdrawal options are available to you in your employer-sponsored retirement plan.)
Article Written By: Forefield Inc.
Neither Forefield Inc. nor Forefield Advisor provides legal, taxation, or investment advice. All content provided by Forefield is protected by copyright. Forefield claims no liability for any modifications to its content and/or information provided by other sources.
For professional investment advice on this topic contact: Allgen Financial Services, Inc.
888.6ALLGEN (888) 625-5436
advisors@allgenfinancial.com www.allgenfinancial.com
Tax-deferred annuities can be a valuable tool, particularly for retirement savings. However, they are not appropriate for everyone.
Five questions to consider
Think about each of the following questions. If you can answer yes to all of them, an annuity may be a good choice for you.
Are you making the maximum allowable pretax contribution to employer-sponsored retirement plans (a 401(k) or 403(b) plan through your employer, or a Keogh plan or SEP-IRA if you are self-employed), or to a deductible traditional IRA? These are tax-advantaged vehicles that should be fully utilized before you contribute to an annuity.
Are you making the maximum allowable contribution to a Roth IRA, Roth 401(k), or Roth 403(b), which provide additional tax benefits not available in a nonqualified annuity?
Will you need more retirement income than your current retirement plan(s) will provide? If you begin making the maximum allowable contributions to both a qualified plan and an IRA in your 30s or early 40s, you may have enough retirement income without an annuity.
Are you sure you won’t need the money until at least age 59½? Withdrawals from an annuity made before this age are usually subject to a 10 percent early withdrawal penalty tax on earnings levied by the IRS.
Will you take distributions from your annuity on an ongoing basis throughout your retirement? You typically have the option of making a lump-sum withdrawal from an annuity, but this is almost always a bad idea. If you do, you’ll have to pay taxes on all of the earnings that have built up over the years. If you take gradual distributions, you pay taxes a little at a time, allowing the rest of the money to continue growing tax deferred. In addition, if the annuity is nonqualified and you elect to receive an annuity payout, you will enjoy an exclusion allowance on each payment, in which a portion of each payment is considered a return of principal and is not taxable.
Article Written By: Forefield Inc.
Neither Forefield Inc. nor Forefield Advisor provides legal, taxation, or investment advice. All content provided by Forefield is protected by copyright. Forefield claims no liability for any modifications to its content and/or information provided by other sources.
For professional investment advice on this topic contact: Allgen Financial Services, Inc.
888.6ALLGEN (888) 625-5436
advisors@allgenfinancial.com www.allgenfinancial.com
When you determine how much income you’ll need in retirement, you may base your projection on the type of lifestyle you plan to have and when you want to retire. However, as you grow closer to retirement, you may discover that your income won’t be enough to meet your needs. If you find yourself in this situation, you’ll need to adopt a plan to bridge this projected income gap.
Delay retirement: 65 is just a number
One way of dealing with a projected income shortfall is to stay in the workforce longer than you had planned. This will allow you to continue supporting yourself with a salary rather than dipping into your retirement savings. Depending on your income, this could also increase your Social Security retirement benefit. You’ll also be able to delay taking your Social Security benefit or distributions from retirement accounts.
At normal retirement age (which varies, depending on the year you were born), you will receive your full Social Security retirement benefit. You can elect to receive your Social Security retirement benefit as early as age 62, but if you begin receiving your benefit before your normal retirement age, your benefit will be reduced. Conversely, if you delay retirement, you can increase your Social Security benefit.
Remember, too, that income from a job may affect the amount of Social Security retirement benefit you receive if you are under normal retirement age. Your benefit will be reduced by $1 for every $2 you earn over a certain earnings limit ($13,560 in 2008, up from $12,960 in 2007). But once you reach normal retirement age, you can earn as much as you want without affecting your Social Security retirement benefit.
Another advantage of delaying retirement is that you can continue to build tax-deferred funds in your IRA or employer-sponsored retirement plan. Keep in mind, though, that you may be required to start taking minimum distributions from your qualified retirement plan or traditional IRA once you reach age 70½, if you want to avoid harsh penalties.
And if you’re covered by a pension plan at work, you could also consider retiring and then seeking employment elsewhere. This way you can receive a salary and your pension benefit at the same time. Some employers, to avoid losing talented employees this way, are beginning to offer “phased retirement” programs that allow you to receive all or part of your pension benefit while you’re still working. Make sure you understand your pension plan options.
Spend less, save more
You may be able to deal with an income shortfall by adjusting your spending habits. If you’re still years away from retirement, you may be able to get by with a few minor changes. However, if retirement is just around the corner, you may need to drastically change your spending and saving habits. Saving even a little money can really add up if you do it consistently and earn a reasonable rate of return. Make permanent changes to your spending habits and you’ll find that your savings will last even longer. Start by preparing a budget to see where your money is going. Here are some suggested ways to stretch your retirement dollars:
• Refinance your home mortgage if interest rates have dropped since you took the loan.
• Reduce your housing expenses by moving to a less expensive home or apartment.
• Sell one of your cars if you have two. When your remaining car needs to be replaced, consider buying a used one.
• Access the equity in your home. Use the proceeds from a second mortgage or home equity line of credit to pay off higher-interest-rate debts.
• Transfer credit card balances from higher-interest cards to a low- or no-interest card, and then cancel the old accounts.
• Ask about insurance discounts and review your insurance needs (e.g., your need for life insurance may have lessened).
• Reduce discretionary expenses such as lunches and dinners out.
Earmark the money you save for retirement and invest it immediately. If you can take advantage of an IRA, 401(k), or other tax-deferred retirement plan, you should do so. Funds invested in a tax-deferred account will generally grow more rapidly than funds invested in a non-tax-deferred account. Reallocate your assets: consider investing more aggressively
Some people make the mistake of investing too conservatively to achieve their retirement goals. That’s not surprising, because as you take on more risk, your potential for loss grows as well. But greater risk also generally entails greater reward. And with life expectancies rising and people retiring earlier, retirement funds need to last a long time.
That’s why if you are facing a projected income shortfall, you should consider shifting some of your assets to investments that have the potential to substantially outpace inflation. The amount of investment dollars you should keep in growth-oriented investments depends on your time horizon (how long you have to save) and your tolerance for risk. In general, the longer you have until retirement, the more aggressive you can afford to be. Still, if you are at or near retirement, you may want to keep some of your funds in growth-oriented investments, even if you decide to keep the bulk of your funds in more conservative, fixed-income investments. Get advice from a financial professional if you need help deciding how your assets should be allocated.
And remember, no matter how you decide to allocate your money, rebalance your portfolio now and again. Your needs will change over time, and so should your investment strategy.
Accept reality: lower your standard of living
If your projected income shortfall is severe enough or if you’re already close to retirement, you may realize that no matter what measures you take, you will not be able to afford the retirement lifestyle you’ve dreamed of. In other words, you will have to lower your expectations and accept a lower standard of living.
Fortunately, this may be easier to do than when you were younger. Although some expenses, like health care, generally increase in retirement, other expenses, like housing costs and automobile expenses, tend to decrease. And it’s likely that your days of paying college bills and growing-family expenses are over.
Once you are within a few years of retirement, you can prepare a realistic budget that will help you manage your money in retirement. Think long term: Retirees frequently get into budget trouble in the early years of retirement, when they are adjusting to their new lifestyles. Remember that when you are retired, every day is Saturday, so it’s easy to start overspending.
Article Written By: Forefield Inc.
Neither Forefield Inc. nor Forefield Advisor provides legal, taxation, or investment advice. All content provided by Forefield is protected by copyright. Forefield claims no liability for any modifications to its content and/or information provided by other sources.
For professional investment advice on this topic contact: Allgen Financial Services, Inc.
888.6ALLGEN (888) 625-5436
advisors@allgenfinancial.com www.allgenfinancial.com
Employers can offer 401(k) plan participants the opportunity to make Roth 401(k) contributions. If you’re lucky enough to work for an employer who offers this option, Roth contributions could play an important role in maximizing your retirement income.
What is a Roth 401(k)?
A Roth 401(k) is simply a traditional 401(k) plan that accepts Roth 401(k) contributions. Roth 401(k) contributions are made on an after-tax basis, just like Roth IRA contributions. This means there’s no up-front tax benefit, but if certain conditions are met, your Roth 401(k) contributions and all accumulated investment earnings on those contributions are free from federal income tax when distributed from the plan. (A 403(b) plan can also allow Roth contributions.)
Who can contribute?
Unlike Roth IRAs, where you can’t contribute if you earn more than a certain dollar amount, you can make Roth contributions, regardless of your salary level, as soon as you are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan. And while a 401(k) plan can require employees to wait up to one year before they become eligible to contribute, many plans allow you to contribute beginning with your first paycheck.
How much can I contribute?
There’s an overall cap on your combined pretax and Roth 401(k) contributions. In 2008, you can contribute up to $15,500 ($20,500 if you’re age 50 or older) to a 401(k) plan. You can split your contribution between Roth and pretax contributions any way you wish. For example, you can make $8,000 of Roth contributions and $7,500 of pretax 401(k) contributions. It’s up to you. But keep in mind that if you also contribute to another employer’s 401(k), 403(b), SIMPLE, or SAR-SEP plan, your total contributions to all of these plans–both pretax and Roth–can’t exceed $15,500 in 2008 ($20,500 if you’re age 50 or older). It’s up to you to make sure you don’t exceed these limits if you contribute to plans of more than one employer.
Can I also contribute to an IRA?
Yes. Your participation in a 401(k) plan has no impact on your ability to contribute to an IRA (Roth or traditional). You can contribute up to $5,000 to an IRA in 2008 ($6,000 if you’re age 50 or older). But, depending on your salary level, your ability to make deductible contributions to a traditional IRA may be limited if you participate in a 401(k) plan.
Are distributions really tax free?
Because your Roth 401(k) contributions are made on an after-tax basis, they’re always free from federal income tax when distributed from the plan. But the investment earnings on your Roth contributions are tax free only if you meet the requirements for a “qualified distribution.”
In general, a distribution from your Roth 401(k) account is qualified only if it satisfies both of the following requirements:
It’s made after the end of a five-year waiting period
The payment is made after you turn 59½, become disabled, or die
The five-year waiting period for qualified distributions starts with the year you make your first Roth contribution to the 401(k) plan. For example, if you make your first Roth contribution to your employer’s 401(k) plan in December 2008, your five-year waiting period begins January 1, 2008, and ends on December 31, 2012. If you participate in more than one Roth 401(k) plan, your five-year waiting period is generally determined separately for each employer’s plan. But if you change employers and roll over your Roth 401(k) account from your prior employer’s plan to your new employer’s Roth 401(k) plan (assuming the new plan accepts rollovers), the five-year waiting period for your new plan starts instead with the year you made your first contribution to the earlier plan.
If your distribution isn’t qualified (for example, if you receive a payout before the five-year waiting period has elapsed), the portion of your distribution that represents investment earnings on your Roth contributions will be taxable, and will be subject to a 10 percent early distribution penalty unless you’re 59½ or another exception applies. You can generally avoid taxation by rolling all or part of your distribution over into a Roth IRA or into another employer’s Roth 401(k) or 403(b) plan, if that plan accepts Roth rollovers. (State income tax treatment of Roth 401(k) contributions may differ from the federal rules.)
If you contribute to both a Roth 401(k) and a Roth IRA, a separate five-year waiting period applies to each. Your Roth IRA five-year waiting period begins with the first year that you make a regular or rollover contribution to any Roth IRA.
What about employer contributions?
Employers don’t have to contribute to 401(k) plans, but many will match all or part of your contributions. Your employer can match your Roth contributions, your pretax contributions, or both. But your employer’s contributions are always made on a pretax basis, even if they match your Roth contributions. That is, your employer’s contributions, and investment earnings on those contributions, are not taxed until you receive a distribution from the plan. Your 401(k) plan may require up to 6 years of service before you fully own employer matching contributions. (Note: If your plan is a SIMPLE 401(k) plan, a safe-harbor 401(k) plan, or includes a qualified automatic contribution arrangement (QACA) your employer is required to make a contribution on your behalf, and special vesting rules apply.)
Should I make pretax or Roth 401(k) contributions?
When you make pretax 401(k) contributions, you don’t pay current income taxes on those dollars (which means more take-home pay compared to an after-tax Roth contribution of the same amount). But your contributions and investment earnings are fully taxable when you receive a distribution from the plan. In contrast, Roth 401(k) contributions are subject to income taxes up front, but qualified distributions of your contributions and earnings are entirely free from federal income tax.
Which is the better option depends upon your personal situation. If you think you’ll be in a similar or higher tax bracket when you retire, Roth 401(k) contributions may be more appealing, since you’ll effectively lock in today’s lower tax rates. However, if you think you’ll be in a lower tax bracket when you retire, pretax 401(k) contributions may be more appropriate. Your investment horizon and projected investment results are also important factors. A financial professional can help you determine which course is best for you.
Whichever you choose–Roth or pretax–make sure you contribute as much as necessary to get the maximum matching contribution from your employer. This is essentially free money that can help you reach your retirement goals that much sooner.
What happens when I terminate employment?
When you terminate employment you generally forfeit all contributions that haven’t vested. “Vesting” means that you own the contributions. Your contributions, Roth and pretax, are always 100 percent vested. But your 401(k) plan may require up to 6 years of service before you fully vest in employer matching contributions (although some plans have a much faster vesting schedule).
When you terminate employment you can generally leave your money in your 401(k) plan until the plan’s normal retirement age (typically age 65). However, the plan may be able to “cash you out” if your vested balance is $5,000 or less. But if your payment is more than $1,000, the plan must generally roll your funds into an IRA established on your behalf, unless you elect to receive your payment in cash. (This $1,000 limit is determined separately for your Roth 401(k) account and the rest of your funds in the 401(k) plan.)
You can also roll all or part of your Roth 401(k) dollars over to a Roth IRA, and your non-Roth dollars to a traditional IRA. You may also be able to roll your funds into another employer’s plans that accepts rollovers.
What else do I need to know?
Like pretax 401(k) contributions, your Roth 401(k) contributions and investment earnings can generally be paid from the plan only after you terminate employment, attain age 59½, become disabled, or die.
You may be eligible to borrow up to one half of your vested 401(k) account, including your Roth contributions, (to a maximum of $50,000) if you need the money.
You may be able to make a hardship withdrawal if you (or your spouse, dependents, or plan beneficiary) have an immediate and heavy financial need. But this should be a last resort–a 10 percent penalty may apply to the taxable amount if you’re not yet age 59½, and you may be suspended from plan participation for 6 months or more.
Unlike Roth IRAs, you must begin taking distributions from a Roth 401(k) plan after you reach age 70½ (or in some cases, after you retire), but you can generally roll over your Roth 401(k) dollars into a Roth IRA if you don’t need or want the lifetime distributions.
Depending on your income, you may be eligible for an income tax credit of up to $1,000 for amounts you contribute to the 401(k) plan.
Your assets are fully protected from creditors in the event of your, or your employer’s, bankruptcy.
Employers aren’t required to make Roth contributions available in their 401(k) plans. So be sure to ask your employer if they are considering adding this exciting new feature to your 401(k) plan.
Article Written By: Forefield Inc.
Neither Forefield Inc. nor Forefield Advisor provides legal, taxation, or investment advice. All content provided by Forefield is protected by copyright. Forefield claims no liability for any modifications to its content and/or information provided by other sources.
For professional investment advice on this topic contact: Allgen Financial Services, Inc.
888.6ALLGEN (888) 625-5436
advisors@allgenfinancial.com www.allgenfinancial.com
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